Military Spouses' Career Network

Research of Interest to Military Spouse Employment & Family Life Advocates

The Career Coach has received many inquiries from individuals (journalists, military spouses working on a graduate thesis, etc.), looking for information on military spouse employment and earnings, their impact on military retention and national defense readiness, and similar topics. A believer that "information is power," I'm more than happy to promote efforts to gain a better understanding of the demographic make-up of the military spouse population, and exactly what are their immediate needs and concerns, and to share that information. Unfortunately, it's very difficult for me to respond adequately to every inquiry and still maintain the rest of the website. So, I've compiled a list of reports and resources of which I'm aware. I encourage you to use this listing as a starting point, and then contact me after you've exhausted the "easily accessed" information.

I'd like to encourage those who complete studies or articles to send me a copy of the complete citation, and I'll add it to this resource list. Additionally, if you are willing to forward an electronic copy of the document (assuming it is not available elsewhere on-line, in which case please send the URL), I'll make it accessible on-line via this website (space permitting). Forward citations, documents, and/or URLs to the webmaster.

Of course, I am always delighted to work with graduate students and researchers to scope out study areas and recommend methodological approaches-- feel free to contact me via e-mail. Unfortunately, however, I cannot provide funding leads for research; for that, you're on your own.

The list is long, so feel free to browse. If you're looking for something in particular, try the "Find in Page" function of your browser to search for keywords used on this page.

Several sources of additional information are:

The Military Family Resource Center, sponsored by the Department of Defense, Office of Family Policy. An excellent source of "official" information; includes a searchable database of materials, some of which are available through the MFRC.

The Military Family Institute at Marywood University.

RAND, the policy analysis think tank, has completed several studies for DoD, including some on recruitment, retention, compensation and manpower issues.

Lifelines For Quality of Life, a partnership of OSD, Navy, Coast Guard, and others. At this site, you'll find copies of policies and desk books, and various other resources.

DoD Military Assistance Program, another "official" source of information.

All of the materials below include a "Report Number," ADA#######. Using this number, you can order the report through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and other sources referenced at its website. If you are a federal employee and intend to use the material in the course of your official duties, you can obtain it through the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)-- see your agency's librarian for more information.

Author: Bakos, Barry
Year: 1996
Title: Analysis of Post-Retirement Earnings and Employment Experiences of Military Retirees
University: Naval Postgraduate School
City: Monterey, CA
Pages: 74
Thesis Type: Master's Thesis
Report Number: ADA309335
Label: Bakos, 1996
Keywords: EMPLOYMENT; RETIREMENT; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SOURCES; COMPARISON; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; CAREERS; RETIREMENT; SALARIES; LABOR MARKETS; INCOME; VETERANS
Abstract: This thesis investigates the wage and salary differentials experienced by military retirees in their post-service second career in the civilian labor market. The 1990 Census of population and Housing, Public Use Microdata Samples was used as the source of data. Log earnings regression models were specified and estimated to determine earnings differences between military retirees and two comparison groups. The effects of the number of weeks and hours worked, education, location, and receiving retirement income were controlled in the earnings regressions. The results indicate that the proportion of military retirees not in the labor force is substantially higher than the proportion of non-veteran civilians or non-retired veterans not in the labor force. The data also reveal that retirees tend to work less weeks per year and hours per week. Finally, retirees earn on average $4,347 less annually than both comparison groups. Thus, military retirees not only tend to work less but when they do work, they tend to take jobs that pay less. The present value of the earnings difference between a retiree and a non-retired veteran is approximately $48,534 (11.38 percent).

Author: Baldwin, Margaret K.
Year: 1986
Title: Work/Family Attitudes of Dual Military Member Couples
Institution: Air Command and Staff College
Date: APR86
Type of Work: Student Report
Report Number: ADA166732 (ACSC-86-0175)
Label: Baldwin, 1986
Keywords: AIR FORCE PERSONNEL; ATTITUDES; MARRIAGE; FAMILY MEMBERS; JOB SATISFACTION; BENEFITS; CAREERS; COMPARISON; DECISION MAKING; JOBS; LEADERSHIP; MILITARY PERSONNEL; WORK; SURVEYS
Abstract: This report provides a comparison of the work/family attitudes of dual military member Air Force couples with those of Air Force couples with a civilian spouse. Results of analyses of responses to the USAF Spouse Survey and the Organizational Assessment Package show dual military member couples to be less satisfied with on-base services, more frustrated with their jobs and work environment, and less apt to be influenced in a career decision by job benefits or patriotism. When viewed in light of demographic differences between the comparison groups, dual military member couples were characterized as more motivated to achieve, more confident of their abilities, and more frustrated with not achieving their potential in their jobs. Includes a review of literature on the work/family interface, and recommendations for Air Force leaders.

Author: Bishop, S., Peters, M., Woolley, S.
Year: 1982
Title: Impact evaluation of the Navy's Family Service Centers
Institution: Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc.

Author: Boyle, J.W., Jr.
Year: 1984
Title: Factors Influencing Military Affiliation Intentions of First Term Army Enlisted
University: Naval Postgraduate School
City: Monterey, CA
Pages: 82
Thesis Type: Master's thesis
Label: Boyle, 1984
Keywords: RETENTION; ARMY RESERVES; MILITARY AFFILIATION; TOTAL ARMY; CAREER DECISIONS; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; REENLISTMENT; ARMY PERSONNEL; EMPLOYMENT
Abstract: This thesis examined the military affiliation intentions of first term Army enlistees with less than one year remaining on their active duty obligations. The influence of demographic, experience, economic, and alternative employment factors on affiliation was explored. Results indicated that insights into understanding military turnover can be gained by expanding traditional analysis, wherein active reenlistees are contrasted with non-reenlisting peers, to include reserve military service as an option available to soldiers facing the reenlistment decision.

Author: Braddy, Barri A.
Year: 1990
Title: Exploratory Discussions of Spouse Employment Issues
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: October 1990
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA219902
Label: Braddy, 1990
Keywords: ENLISTED RETENTION; OFFICER RETENTION; FAMILY PROGRAMS; FAMILY SEPARATION; SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT; ARMY WIVES; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT.
Abstract: This research supports the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1989) by examining factors related to the employment problem of Army spouses. The research examines reasons for not working, barriers to employment, education and training needs, and perceived effects of spouse employment on readiness, retention, and family wellness. A core set of questions was asked of both employed and nonemployed spouses. Employment specific questions asked of employed spouses included employment status; satisfaction with employment status; reasons for working; possible barriers imposed by the lifestyle for obtaining and keeping a job; possible hindrances created by the Army lifestyle for career development; education and training needs; and perceptions of how spouse employment relates to soldier readiness and career decisions. For the nonemployed spouses, questions focused on need/desire for employment; barriers to obtaining a job or pursuing a career; education and training needs; knowledge and use of available employment assistance programs; and perceptions of how not being employed affects soldier readiness and career decisions. Interviews with Army Program personnel included questions on problems that Army spouses experience in finding employment, types of work desired by spouses, skills possessed by spouses, training needs, and soldiers' attitudes toward spouse employment.

Author: Brinkley, Margo, Gabel, Tim, and Tastet, Lance
Year: 1991
Title: Soldier Survey Data Book
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: JUL91
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA242759
Label: Brinkley, Gabel & Tastet, 1991
Keywords: ARMY PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; DEMOGRAPHY; ATTITUDES; SOCIOLOGY; FAMILY PROGRAMS
Abstract: The Army Family Research Program (AFRP) was designed to address the research objectives outlined in the 1983 White Paper by Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) Meyer and to investigate issues raised by subsequent Army Family Action Plans (1984-1991). To meet these objectives, a worldwide survey of a representative sample of Army soldiers and their spouses and supervisors was distributed in calendar year 1989. This data book provides frequencies of all variables and scales included in the 1989 AFRP Soldier Data File. The data for each variable are broken down by career stage, unit type, location, marital/parental status, employment status of spouse, and age of children.

Author: Brinkley, Margo, Gabel, Tim, Bunch, Lisa, and Tastet, Lance
Year: 1991
Title: Spouse Survey Codebook
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: JUL91
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA241228
Label: Brinkley, Gabel, Bunsh & Tastet, 1991
Keywords: ARMY PERSONNEL; SPOUSES; FAMILY MEMBERS; DEMOGRAPHY; CODING; DATA ACQUISITION; PERSONNEL RETENTION; ATTITUDES; JOB SATISFACTION; TABLES; QUESTIONNAIRES
Abstract: Throughout the 1980s, Army leaders and policymakers have been especially concerned about the well-being of Army families. Research designed to assist Army leaders in addressing family concerns is an important part of the Army's effort to increase family well-being and the sense of partnership between the Army and its constituent families. In response to the call for more Army family research, the Army Family Research Program (AFRP) surveyed the spouses of married soldiers in its 1989 worldwide data collection. Data from approximately 3,400 spouses was obtained and included in the spouse data file. This codebook enables researchers to analyze the spouse data file by providing information on the variables, coding, value labels, and edit flags. The data file contains information on spouses' attitudes, use of services and programs, experiences in the Army community, satisfaction with aspects of Army life, and support for soldier retention. Analysis of this data can yield valuable information to Army leaders, program managers, decision and policy makers, and researchers on the extent to which family members' experiences and attitudes affect soldier retention, readiness, and satisfaction with the Army.

Author: Brown, Gary L.
Year: 1989
Title: The Relationship of Family Satisfaction to Satisfaction with the Military Way of Life Among Soldiers
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: 1989
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA219901
Label: Brown, 1989
Keywords: ATTITUDES; ARMY PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; JOB SATISFACTION; CAREERS; CHILDREN; CONTROL; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; MILITARY PERSONNEL; OFFICER PERSONNEL; PLANNING; SALARIES; SURVEYS
Abstract: This research supports the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1989) by investigating the relationship between soldiers' satisfaction with the environment for families in the Army and satisfaction with the military way of life. The report is based on a secondary analysis of the responses of a stratified random sample of 9,198 U.S. Army personnel. The sample used is the Army sample that participated in the 1985 DoD Worldwide Survey of Officer and Enlisted Personnel. The importance of satisfaction with the environment for families to overall satisfaction with the military way of life was examined separately for officer and enlisted participants from six household types: (a) single; (b) single parent; (c) married to a military spouse with no children; (d) married to a military spouse with children; (e) married to a civilian spouse with no children; and, (f) married to a civilian spouse with children. Seventeen additional variables measuring satisfaction with other military issues were used as control variables in examining this relationship, as well as the gender and pay grade of the member.

Author: Croan, Gerald M., LeVine, Carole T., and Blankinship, David A.
Year: 1992
Title: Family Adjustment to Relocation
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: NOV 92
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA259392
Label: Croan, LeVine & Blankinship, 1992
Keywords: ARMY PERSONNEL; CHILDREN; RELOCATION; SURVEYS; FAMILIES; ADJUSTMENT; IMPACT; PCS; SPOUSE; CHILDREN
Abstract: This report examines the impact of relocation on soldiers and their families and the role of Army programs in relocation adjustment. The data for the report are from an Army-wide survey of a probability sample of 11,035 soldiers in 528 active component Army units and 3,277 Army spouses conducted in 1989. The report examines the impact of relocation on families with differing characteristics and circumstances, including marital status, number of children, age of children, type of move, location and timing of move, and cumulative number of moves; and the use and perceived usefulness of Army programs by soldiers and families.

Author: Cruze, Alvin M.
Year: 1990
Title: The Army Family Research Program. Annual Work Plan Number 2.
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: AUG 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA226891
Label: Cruze, 1990
Keywords: FAMILY ADAPTATION SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT RETENTION READINESS REENLISTMENT COMMUNITY SUPPORT LEADERSHIP POLICY
Abstract: The Army Family Research Program (AFRP) is a five-year integrated research program that supports the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) White Paper 1983: The Army Family and the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1990) by developing databases, models, program evaluation technologies, and policy options that assist the Army to retain quality soldiers, improve soldier and unit readiness, and increase family adaptation to Army life. This report describes the planned activities of this research for the second year of the effort and is organized into four general areas: (1) family adaptation (addressing the concept of community and wellness); (2) family factors and retention; (3) family factors and readiness; and, (4) spouse employment.

Author: Dansby, M.R.
Year: 1985
Title: A Proposal for the Revision of the U.S. Air Force Spouse Survey
Institution: Leadership and Management Development Center
Date: SEP 85
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA160826 (LMDC-TR-85-6)
Label: Dansby, 1985
Keywords: AIR FORCE PERSONNEL; BENEFITS; FAMILY MEMBERS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; ALL VOLUNTEER; AIR FORCE RESEARCH; ATTITUDE INDICATORS; SURVEYS; FRINGE BENEFITS; DATABASES; MEDICAL SERVICES; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; FACTOR ANALYSIS; CAREERS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; VARIABLES
Abstract: This paper presents a proposed revision of the U.S. Air Force Spouse Survey administered by the Leadership and Management Development Center, Maxwell AFB, AL. Includes a review of the literature on the family/work interface in the military, factor analyses on the Spouse Survey, and multivariate regression models predicting work variables from family variables. The regression models accounted for 12 to 55 percent of the variance using survey results from the current data bank of over 4,000 military members and their spouses. New variables are suggested for inclusion in the Spouse Survey in an effort to improve its predictive ability. Recommendations: Air Force leaders should be encouraged to continue to seek ways to improve military family life. These improvements may be expensive (improved medical care, etc.) but will result in increased retention. LMDC and other Air Force agencies should continue to encourage research on the family/work interface. Officials at LMDC should revise the AFSS.

Author: Desai, Sonalde, and Waite, Linda J.
Year: 1991
Title: Women's Employment During Pregnancy and After the First Birth: Occupational Characteristics and Work Commitment
Institution: RAND Corporation
Date: 91
Report Number: ADA257082 (RAND/N-3353-NICHD)
Label: Desai & Waite, 1991
Keywords: WOMEN; PREGNANCY; WORK; BIRTH; CHILDREN; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Abstract: We examine the argument that predominately female occupations attract women because they are relatively easy to combine with family responsibilities. Some traditionally female occupations offer relatively low penalties for labor force withdrawal, but other female occupations reduce the costs of employment to mothers facilitating the combination of worker and mother roles. We test the hypothesis that a woman's response to the characteristics of her occupation and to other factors depends on her preference for employment versus homemaking over the long run. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the analysis focuses on the period from the year prior to the first birth through the two years following the birth as the time of maximum conflict between employment and child rearing. We find no effect of occupational sex composition on the likelihood that prospective or recent mother are employed. Occupational characteristics that raise the cost of labor force withdrawal (high education, wages, and job-specific training) tend to decrease the probability of women's withdrawal from work, as do nonmonetary occupational characteristics. All women respond to the cost of labor force withdrawal, but women with low work commitment also respond to financial pressures and convenience of the work setting.

Notes: Journal article reprint; contact RAND Corporation for reprint.

Author: Dooley, Charles F., and Roman, Patricia
Year: 1986
Title: Job Attitudes of USAF Enlisted Personnel and their Spouses
Institution: Air Command and Staff College
Date: APR86
Type of Work: Student Report
Report Number: ADA168383 (ACSC-86-0730, ACSC-86-2170)
Label: Dooley & Roman, 1986
Keywords: AIR FORCE PERSONNEL; ATTITUDES; JOB SATISFACTION; SURVEYS; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; LEADERSHIP; MANAGEMENT; MILITARY COMMANDERS; SUPERVISORS; JOBS
Abstract: This study provides Air Force commanders and supervisors with an analysis of the Organizational Assessment Package (OAP) survey data to assist them in knowing the attitudinal strengths and weaknesses of Air Force enlisted personnel and the spouses of those personnel, as well as their perceptions on a variety of AF related issues. It provides the related information from the Air Force Spouse Survey (AFSS) data base also maintained by the Leadership Management Development Center. The study concluded that there is a difference in many attitudinal areas between the different enlisted grades. Generally, the senior enlisted members were more positive in their outlooks on AF related issues than the junior enlisted members. From the spouse survey, it can be concluded that the spouses of the enlisted personnel are generally satisfied with AF life and that the spouses of senior personnel are more positive than the spouses of junior personnel.

Author: Figart, Dale C.
Year: 1990
Title: The Impact of Family Income on Military Reserve Retention
Academic Dept.: School of Systems and Logistics
University: Air Force Institute of Technology
City: Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
Pages: 90
Thesis Type: Master's Thesis
Report Number: ADA229546 (AFIT/GSM/LSY/90S-9)
Label: Figart, 1990
Keywords: PERSONNEL RETENTION; MILITARY FORCES; FAMILY MEMBERS; MILITARY RESERVES; REENLISTMENT; MANPOWER; RETIREMENT; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; INCOME
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of family income on retention in the military reserves. There are five types of family income from civilian employment, income from other sources, income from wife's employment, and potential income from reserve retirement. The study is limited to married male reserve members with 6 years or less in the reserves.

Author: Flannery, P.A., and Dansby, Mickey R.
Year: 1985
Title: USAF Family Survey: A Revision of the USAF Spouse Survey
Institution: Leadership and Management Development Center
Date: AUG 85
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA160088 (LMDC-TR-85-3)
Label: Flannery & Dansby, 1985
Keywords: FAMILY MEMBERS; AIR FORCE PERSONNEL; WORK; OFFICER PERSONNEL; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; JOBS; STATISTICS; FREQUENCY; RESPONSE
Abstract: Revises the US Air Force Spouse Survey (AFSS) to improve its technical and statistical properties, and to broaden its usefulness for theoretical, research, and practical applications. The new survey is titled the USAF Family Survey (AFFS). Includes a review of the current literature to establish the relative importance of factors in the AFFS vis-a-vis the link between work and family factors in the Air Force, and analyses of the survey result in four categories: frequencies of item responses; tests of the item means between officer and enlisted spouses, correlations (tendency to vary together in some systematic manner) between items, and groupings of similar items. A spouse's attitude toward, and commitment to, the military lifestyle is the factor most often suggested as a family influence on the military member's job. Further, these attitudes seem to affect career intentions. Enlisted spouses in the sample indicated that they felt more involved with the Air Force lifestyle but also that they felt more stress and disruption from the Air Force lifestyle.

Author: Frone, Michael R., and Rice, Robert W.
Year: 1986
Title: Work-Family Conflict: The Effect of Job and Family Involvement
Academic Dept.: Department of Psychology
University: State University of New York
City: Buffalo, NY
Pages: 27
Thesis Type: Interim Technical Report
Report Number: ADA175392 (TR-6-ONR)
Label: Frone & Rice, 1986
Keywords: JOBS; FAMILY MEMBERS; CONFLICT; STRENGTH; HUMAN RELATIONS; ROLES; PERFORMANCE
Abstract: A review of past research revealed inconsistent findings concerning the relationship between job involvement and work-family conflict. This study tested whether family involvement moderates the relationship between job involvement and work-family conflict. Two types of family involvement (spouse and parent) and two types of work-family conflict (job-spouse and job-parent) were assessed. Data were gathered via questionnaire from a sample of nonteaching professionals employed by a large public university in northeastern United States. As hypothesized, job involvement and job-spouse conflict were positively related for individuals high in spouse involvement and unrelated for individuals low in spouse involvement. Contrary to prediction, parental involvement did not moderate the relationship between job involvement and job-parent conflict. Instead, job involvement was positively related to job-parent conflict regardless of the level of parental involvement. Results are discussed in terms of standards for role performance and strength of role demands. Implications for future research are also discussed.

Author: Fugita, Stephen S., and Lakhani, Hyder A.
Year: 1991
Title: The Economic and Noneconomic Determinants of Retention in the Reserve/Guard Units
Institution: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Date: APR 91
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA240750 (ARI-RR-1585)
Label: Fugita & Lakhani, 1991
Keywords: ACTIVE DUTY; DEFENSE SYSTEMS; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; INCOME; INFORMATION CENTERS; MANPOWER
Abstract: This research predicts likelihood of Reserve/Guard retention based on military earnings, civilian earnings, spouse's earnings, spouse's attitude toward retention, other income, and total years of service, including active duty service. The data are developed from Defense Manpower Data Center's (1987) surveys of Reserve/Guard officers and enlisted personnel. The results reveal that retention can be increased by increasing Reserve/Guard pay and allowances or changing Reservist/Guard spouse's attitude toward retention.

Author: GAO
Year: 1991
Title: Workforce Issues: Employment practices in selected large private companies
Institution: General Accounting Office, General Government Division
Date: MAR91
Report Number: ADA263046 (GAO/GGD-91-47)
Label: General Accounting Office, 1991
Keywords: CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; INDUSTRIES; INDUSTRIAL PERSONNEL; PERSONNEL SELECTION; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; SALARIES; FAMILY MEMBERS; RECRUITING; RETIREMENT; INTERVIEWING; QUESTIONNAIRES; INSURANCE; BENEFITS; COMPARISON; SURVEYS; DATA ACQUISITION; GRADUATES
Abstract: We are undertaking a series of examinations to assess the government's preparedness to attract and retain needed employees now and in the future. As part of this work, we will identify employment practices in the nonfederal sector that may have application in the government. This report presents data we have developed to date on nonfederal employment practices that we believe will be of interest to you. We obtained the data from a questionnaire survey of large companies with numerous employment locations throughout the country. The questionnaire asked about recruiting and hiring practices, benefit programs, pay practices, and other programs in place or planned to deal with issues such as family concerns, alternatives to traditional work arrangements, older workers, and managing the increasingly diverse workforce.

Author: GAO
Year: 1991
Title: Workers at Risk: Increased Numbers in Contingent Employment Lack Insurance, Other Benefits
Institution: General Accounting Office, Human Resources Division
Date: MAR91
Report Number: ADA263052 (GAO/HRD-91-56)
Label: General Accounting Office, 1991
Keywords: CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES; EMPLOYMENT; WORK; INSURANCE; WOMEN; SALARIES; ECONOMICS; CONTINGENT WORKERS; CONTINGENT WORK FORCE; TEMPORARY EMPLOYEES; PART TIME WORKERS; NONTRADITIONAL EMPLOYMENT; SERVICE OCCUPATIONS; HEALTH INSURANCE; PENSIONS; SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS
Abstract: This report summarizes our analysis of data from the Bureau of the Census, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). We supplemented our analysis with information from published studies and interviews with federal and state officials, employers, union representatives, and labor analysts. In the past, nearly all employed Americans worked full-time for a single employer, but that pattern is changing. Many workers currently are employed in part-time, temporary, contract, and other types of flexible work arrangements. To describe these nontraditional employment relationships, some labor analysts use the term "contingent" employment. Some definitions of contingent work include, besides the groups listed above, the self-employed, leased employees, and workers in the business services sector.

Author: Giuliano, Stephen A.
Year: 1988
Title: The Impact of Permanent Change of Station Moves on Air Force Enlisted Family Income for Avionics and Non-Avionics Personnel
Academic Dept.: School of Systems and Logistics
University: Air Force Institute of Technology
City: Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
Pages: 118
Thesis Type: Master's Thesis
Report Number: ADA201547 (AFIT/GCA/LSY/88S-4)
Label: Giuliano, 1988
Keywords: EMPLOYMENT; FAMILIES; INCOME; WOMEN
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of permanent change of station (PCS) moves on the family income of Air Force enlisted personnel in Avionics and Non-avionics career fields. The research had four basic objectives: (1) Evaluate the effect of unreimbursed moving expenses on family income; (2) Determine the impact of PCS moves on spouse income; (3) Examine the effect of PCS moves on member part-time income; (4) Compare the effect of PCS moves on the family income of Avionics personnel to members in other career fields. The research also found two important effects of moving on spouse income and member part-time earnings. First, the expected income in both cases is generally lower during the year a family experiences a move as compared to the previous year. Additionally, moving more frequently during a typical 20-year career decreases the expected value of spouse income and member part-time income.

Author: Gonzalez, Carlos
Year: 1992
Title: Data Management and Analysis in Support of the Army Family Research Program
Institution: Statcom, Inc.
Date: SEP 92
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA256905
Label: Gonzalez, 1992
Keywords: AFRP; SPOUSE DATA SETS; FAMILY SERVICES PROVIDERS; INSTALLATION AND COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS INVENTORY; STANDARD ERROR; SUDAAN; ARMY SPOUSE; ARMY FAMILIES
Abstract: This report details the processes and procedures used to transfer the Army Family Research Program (AFRP) Spouse Data Set, the Family Service Providers (SPF) Data Set, and the Installation and Community Characteristics Inventory (ICCI) Data set from the National Institutes of Health mainframe computer to MS-DOS personal computer files for use by researchers at the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI). Procedures include a discussion of the appropriate job control language (JCL) to use with the Spouse file stored as a SAS data set, the macros used to generate the spouse data book, and the use of the Kermit communications package to download files to a PC. Included are also procedures to compute appropriate standard errors using the SUDAAN software. Special emphasis is placed on the description of procedures used to generate the various files.

Author: Griffith, Janet D., LaVange, Lisa M., Gabel, Tim J., Doering, Zahava D., Mahoney, Bette S.
Year: 1986
Title: Description of Spouses of Officers and Enlisted Personnel in the U.S. Armed Forces. 1985. Supplementary Tabulations from the 1985 DoD Surveys of
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: NOV86
Type of Work: Technical Report
Report Number: ADA177687
Label: Griffith, LaVange, Gabel, Doering & Mahoney, 1986
Keywords: OFFICER PERSONNEL; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; SOCIETIES; FAMILIES; INCOME; LABOR MARKETS; WOMEN; SURVEYS; FAMILY MEMBERS; CHILDREN; MILITARY PERSONNEL; CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; MILITARY FORCES
Abstract: 1985 DoD Spouse Survey provides an opportunity to explore how military families have adapted to recent changes in the role of women in American society, including increases in the labor force participation by married women, especially those with small children. Tables are presented which show wives' participation in paid employment, their role as volunteers and the effects of the husbands' military career on their employment. Also shown is the family's economic situation, information on the wife's earnings, the family's total income and satisfaction with family income. Employment and occupations of civilian husbands of women enlisted personnel and officers are shown also.

Author: Griffith, Janet D., Coolbaugh, Kathleen; Perrine, Harriet S.
Year: 1990
Title: Spouse Employment User Summary
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: AUG 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA226877
Label: Griffith, Coolbaugh & Perrine, 1990
Keywords: REENLISTMENT SALARIES RETENTION LABOR ARMY FAMILIES
Abstract: The Army Family Research Program (AFRP) is a five-year integrated program which supports the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) White Paper 1983: The Army Family and the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1990) through the development of databases, models, program evaluation technologies, and policy options that assist the Army to retain quality soldiers, improve soldier and unit readiness, and increase family adaptation to Army life. This report is an easy-to-read document that illuminates the issues of spouse employment for the Army. It traces why spouses are employed or not employed, why the work, what they earn, what they do, and barriers they find when seeking employment. It describes organizational programs and policies that assist spouses in finding employment and outlines research questions being addressed by the AFRP.

Author: Harrington, Maureen R.
Year: 1985
Title: An Investigation of the Effects of Rank, AFSC, and Dependents on the Length of the Separation for Air Force Enlisted Join Spouse Couples
University: Air Force Institute of Technology
City: Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
Pages: 197
Thesis Type: Master's thesis
Report Number: ADA167125 (AFIT/GOR/ENS/85D-9)
Label: Harrington, 1985
Keywords: ENLISTED PERSONNEL; AIR FORCE PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; PERSONNEL; SEPARATION; REENLISTMENT
Abstract: The purpose of this thesis was to perform a statistical analysis of the effects of rank, AFSC and dependents on the lengths of separations (LOS) experienced by Air Force enlisted couples when one or both of them are reassigned. Data on enlisted couples were gathered from the permanent universal airmen records, maintained by the Sir Force Human Resources Laboratory. These data contained assignment, dependent, and AFSC information on enlisted members married to another enlisted member during the years 1980 through 1985. Additional information from the Rapid Access Personnel Survey (RAPS) on joint spouse matters was obtained from the Air Force Military Personnel Center. The statistical analysis determined that the mean LOS for all enlisted join spouse couples who were reassigned over the last six years was 3.1 months. There was also a difference in the mean LOS for each rank with the higher mean LOS for those in the ranks of E-2 and E-3. It was also determined that the rate of assignment rejection was dependent on the length of the separation and the reenlistment status of the individual. In addition, those with a stated intention of remaining in the Air Force for at least 20 years were more likely to accept assignments involving a family separation than were those who had not decided to make the Air Force a career.

Author: Harvey, William T.
Year: 1986
Title: Family Member Employment Assistance: Is the Army's Direction Appropriate?
University: Army War College
City: Carlisle Barracks, PA
Pages: 59
Thesis Type: Student Essay
Report Number: ADA167820)
Label: Harvey, 1986
Keywords: FAMILY MEMBERS; EMPLOYMENT; ARMY; COMMUNITIES; ARMY PERSONNEL; CIVILIAN PERSONNEL OFFICE; ARMY COMMUNITY SERVICE
Abstract: This report researches the method the Army has chosen to implement a Family Member Employment Assistance (FMEA) program and compares the method to literature recommendations and experimental data. The Army has chosen to provide assistance by co-locating two activities: the installation Civilian Personnel Office (CPO) and Army Community Service (ACS), with very different functions and appoint a lead agency has created confusion and "turf" battles of which agency is responsible for what. The basic question to be answered is which agency should be the family member advocate and be perceived as the focus for assistance? Research for this effort has unequivocally indicated that the installation ACS should be the focal point for FMEA. The installation CPO should also provide assistance to family members where he is allowed to provide special treatment by law, regulation, or policy.

Author: Hogan, Paul F.
Year: 1990
Title: Family Annualized Cost of Leaving: The Household as the Decision Unit in Military Retention
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: MAY 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA224394
Label: Hogan, 1990
Keywords: REENLISTMENT; FAMILY MEMBERS; ARMY PERSONNEL
Abstract: This research supports the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1989) by developing a Family Annualized Cost of Leaving (ACOL) model that describes the costs and benefits associated with retention. Although approximately 55% of Army members are married and roughly half of the nonmember spouses work in the marketplace, models of Army reenlistment behavior such as the ACOL model have typically focused on individual members as decisionmakers. Focus on the individual servicemember omits important family factors affecting retention decisions. The family ACOL model explains more fully the costs and benefits associated with retention for married Army personnel. It provides a more precise estimate of the effects of traditional variables included in the retention equation and reduces the possibility of biased estimates on these traditional variables. This model will aid in policy formulation by providing a direct quantitative link between measurable factors affecting the family, particularly factors affecting family income through nonmember spouse employment, and the decision to remain in the Army.

Author: Holen, Arlene
Year: 1977
Title: Effects of Unemployment Insurance Entitlement on Duration and Job Search Outcome
Institution: Center for Naval Analyses
Date: AUG77
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA956166 (CAN-PP-192)
Label: Holen, 1977
Keywords: COMPENSATION; EMPLOYMENT; INSURANCE; JOBS; LABOR MARKET; UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE; WORK
Abstract: This study uses data drawn from Unemployment Insurance (UI) systems in five different states to examine how variations in UI benefit levels, maximum weeks of eligibility, and work-test enforcement affect the duration of compensated unemployment and the outcome of job search.

Notes: Journal article reprint.

Author: Iannacchione, Vincent G., and Milne, Jennifer G.
Year: 1991
Title: Analyzing and Adjusting for Nonresponse to the AFRP Spouse Survey
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: NOV 91
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA244812
Label: Iannacchione & Milne, 1991
Keywords: AFRP ARMY PERSONNEL FAMILY MEMBERS DEMOGRAPHY ARMY RESEARCH SURVEYS NONRESPONSE SAMPLING LOGISTIC REGRESSION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Abstract: This report presents a detailed analysis of the reasons for failure to respond to the AFRP Spouse Survey and describes the procedures used to minimize the biasing effects of nonresponse. The report summarizes the selection and implementation of the AFRP Soldier and Spouse Surveys, describes the opportunities for spouse nonparticipation, and presents the models developed to predict the probability of spouse participation. It also presents details of the nonresponse adjustments made to the spouse sampling weights.

Author: Krauss, Barry M.
Year: 1992
Title: The Impact of Changes in Geographic Mobility on the Wages of the Military Family between 1985 and 1992
University: Air Force Institute of Technology
City: Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
Pages: 150
Thesis Type: Master's thesis
Report Number: ADA318890 (AFIT/GCA/LAR/96S-8)
Label: Krauss, 1996
Keywords: MOBILITY; MILITARY PERSONNEL; IMPACT; FAMILY MEMBERS; SALARIES; GEOGRAPHY; POLICIES; EMPLOYMENT; ATTITUDES; MODIFICATION; COMPARISON; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; SENSITIVITY; CAREERS; LABOR MARKETS; OFFICER PERSONNEL; JOB SATISFACTION
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine what changes in the geographic mobility of the military family took place between 1985 and 1992, and this mobility's subsequent impact on the labor force participation of the military spouse, and the real wages of military family members. The study showed that mobility was significantly lower for military personnel and their spouses in 1992 than it was in 1985, the labor force participation and real wages for military spouses were greater in 1992 than they were in 1985, and real wages for military personnel declined between 1985 and 1992. A sensitivity analysis performed on mobility's impact on military spouses wages revealed that mobility had a significant influence on wages over time. Additionally, the study examined the changes in military spouses' satisfaction with several facets of the military lifestyle between 1985 and 1992.

Author: Lai, Rashmi, and Lakhani, Hyder A.
Year: 1990
Title: A Model of Employment Decision Making: An Analysis of Quit/Stay Decisions of Junior Army Officers
Institution: Engineering and Economics Research, Inc.
Date: JUL 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA226881
Label: Lai & Lakhani, 1990
Keywords: DECISION MAKING; OFFICER PERSONNEL; MILITARY SEPARATION; PERSONNEL RETENTION; JOB SATISFACTION; ARMY PERSONNEL; CAREERS; COST EFFECTIVENESS; EMPLOYMENT; JOBS; MALES; MILITARY PERSONNEL; MILITARY RESERVES; MODELS; NATIONAL GUARD; SALARIES; SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS; SOURCES; UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY; SURVEYS
Abstract: The objective of this report is to identify and analyze the effect of variables that guide the decisions of junior officers to stay or quit the Army. Data from the DoD Survey of Families, 1985, are used in a simultaneous equations model of retention and satisfaction with military life. The results reveal that retention intention is positively related to satisfaction with military life, promotion opportunities, age, and years of service; and is negatively related with officers in technical occupations, those likely to join Reserve/National Guard units, and male officers. Estimation of separate models for officers by source of commissioning indicates that West Point graduate officers are more responsive to military pay relative to other sources of commissioning. It is also cost effective for the Army to retain the former...

Author: Lakhani, Hyder A., Gilbert, Arthur C.
Year: 1990
Title: Duration Time Analysis of Spouse Employment in the U.S. Army
Institution: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Date: AUG 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA228329 (ARI-RN-90-95)
Label: Lakhani & Gilbert, 1990
Keywords: ARMY PERSONNEL MILITARY DEPENDENTS DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE ECONOMICS EMPLOYMENT
Abstract: The Army Family Research Program (AFRP) is a five-year integrated program which supports the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) White Paper 1983: The Army Family and the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1990) through the development of databases, models, program evaluation technologies, and policy options that assist the Army to retain quality soldiers, improve soldier and unit readiness, and increase family adaptation to Army life. This report presents a conceptual model of analysis of duration of spouse employment in general, and of Army spouses in particular. The utility of the model is presented in the context analysis of data from the 1985 Department of Defense Survey of Spouses.

Author: Lakhani, Hyder A., Ardison, Sharon
Year: 1991
Title: The Determinants of Child Care Use and Retention in the U.S. Army
Institution: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Date: DEC 91
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA246161 (ARI-TR-945)
Label: Lakhani & Ardison, 1991
Keywords: ARMY FACILITIES; ARMY PERSONNEL; CAREERS; CHILDREN; CIVILIAN POPULATION; FAMILIES; FAMILY MEMBERS; HEALTH CARE FACILITIES; MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS; OFFICER PERSONNEL; ORGANIZATIONS; PLANNING; POSITION; RANK ORDER STATISTICS; RETENTION; SUPERVISION; SURVEYS; TIME; VOLUNTEERS
Abstract: This report examines the use of Army child care facilities and their impact on spouses' desire for retention and career plans of soldiers. Data from the Annual Survey of Army Families, 1987, for officers and enlisted spouses are analyzed. The results reveal that child care use increases with an increase in spouse employment, soldier rank, volunteer time spent in military or civilian organizations, and number of months spent at a location. Enlisted soldiers use more informal care, such as babysitting, and officers use more formal care, such as child development centers (CDCs), perhaps because the former cannot afford to pay the fees for the CDCs. The spouses' desire for soldiers' retention increases with an increase in child care used, spouses' satisfaction with Army life, number of dependent children, soldier's age, number of months at current location, and soldier's total years of service.

Author: Lakhani, Hyder A., Hoover, Elizabeth
Year: 1994
Title: The Interrelationships of Child-Care Use, Spouse Employment, Army Satisfaction, and Retention in the U.S. Army
Institution: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Date: JAN 1994
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA277677 (ARI-TR-994)
Label: Lakhani & Hoover, 1994
Keywords: ARMY FACILITIES ARMY PERSONNEL CAREERS CHILDREN CIVILIAN POPULATION FAMILY MEMBERS HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ORGANIZATIONS POSITION RETENTION SURVEYS SUPERVISION VOLUNTEERS
Abstract: This report analyzes the interrelationships of childcare use, the Army wife's employment/earnings, her satisfaction with Army life, and her desire for soldier retention in the Army. Data from the Survey of Army Families 1986/87 and 1991-92 are analyzed using regression equations. The results reveal that childcare use increases with an increase in the Army wife's employment and earnings and vice versa. An increase in Army wife's satisfaction with childcare use increases her satisfaction with Army life that, in turn, enhances her desire for soldier husband's retention in the Army. Since retention is increased, providing childcare services is likely to be cost-effective compared with the alternative-- recruiting and training a soldier.

Author: Lal, Rashmi
Year: 1988
Title: A Model of Employment Decision Making: An analysis of quit/stay decisions of junior Army officers
Institution: EER Technologies Corporation
Date: APR88
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA204414
Label: Lal, 1988
Keywords: PERSONNEL RETENTION; JOB SATISFACTION; DECISION MAKING; ARMY PERSONNEL; BENEFITS; CAREERS; EDUCATION; EMPLOYMENT; FACILITIES; JOBS; MEDICINE; MILITARY PERSONNEL; OFFICER PERSONNEL; RECREATION; RETIREMENT
Abstract: The purpose of this research is to identify and assess the effect of factors which guide the decisions of junior Army officers to stay or quite the active force. Since these decisions are most important in the early years of a career, analyses are done only for junior Army officers. The research shows that the two most important factors which affect intentions of officers to serve in the Army are satisfaction with the military life and chances of promotion. Satisfaction with military life in turn depends on good retirement and medical benefits, satisfaction with pay and allowances, education and recreation facilities, employment opportunities for spouses, working conditions, job security, commissary services and environment for the family.

Author: Lawson, J.K., Molof, M.J., Magnusson, P., Davenport, L.C., and Feher, B.
Year: 1985
Title: Department of Defense Survey of Living Conditions Overseas, 1984. Volume 2. Results
Institution: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center
Date: 1985
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA159780 (NPRDC-TR-85-28)
Label: Lawson, Molof, Magnusson, Davenport & Feher, 1985
Keywords: FAMILY HOUSING; HOUSING SATISFACTION; OVERSEAS HOUSING; ASSIGNMENT POLICY; HOUSING PREFERENCE; PROBLEMS
Abstract: Service personnel with dependents assigned to the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan/Okinawa, and Korea were surveyed for their opinions about housing, living conditions, and proposed housing policies. The results were presented and discussed by country and Service within each country. Overall, 60 percent of the personnel were satisfied with their housing. However, in most of the 12 country/Service groups, housing was also the most frequently reported problem, as well as the area most frequently selected as needing improvement. Overall satisfaction with the residence was most closely related to satisfaction with the size of the residence and its immediate physical-psychological surroundings (e.g., privacy, appearance). About 57 percent of the respondents reported living conditions affected their job performance; about 41 percent of the respondents, their career intentions. Other frequently reported serious problems were initial housing costs, spouse employment, language and cultural differences, medical/dental care, and working conditions. Temporary lodging facilities, medical facilities and commissaries were frequently selected as needing improvement. Several problems that are unique for specific country/Service groups were discovered.

Author: Lawson, Judith K., Murphy, Dianne J., Magnusson, Paul
Year: 1987
Title: Attitude Survey of Civilian Housing Residents, Hawaii 1986
Institution: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center
Date: 1987
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA182225 (NPRDC-TN-87-25)
Label: Lawson, Murphy & Magnusson, 1987
Keywords: HOUSING; JOBS; COSTS; MARINE CORPS PERSONNEL; ATTITUDES; SURVEYS; CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; HAWAII; MILITARY ASSISTANCE; MILITARY FORCES; ARMY PERSONNEL; NAVAL PERSONNEL; AIR FORCE PERSONNEL; CAREERS; SALARIES; INCOME
Abstract: Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel assigned in Hawaii and living in civilian housing were surveyed for their opinions and attitudes about their housing and military support services. Topics covered included: Housing satisfaction, preference and perceived effects on job performance and career intentions; civilian housing characteristics and expenses, homeowner concerns, and general problems. Results show that 73 percent of the service members were generally satisfied with their present housing. Problems with initial housing costs, living expenses, and spouse employment were most prevalent among young enlisted families. The need for more and better information (in advance and on-site) from the housing offices cut across all pay grades. Short of being housed on post or base, young families need additional and proactive housing services.

Author: Lawson, Judith K., Murphy, Dianne J., Magnusson, Paul
Year: 1987
Title: Attitude Survey of Civilian Housing Residents, Hawaii 1986. Supplement. Statistical Tables.
Institution: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center
Date: 1987
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA182226 (NPRDC-TN-87-25-SUPPL)
Label: Lawson, Murphy & Magnusson, 1987
Keywords: HOUSING; JOBS; COSTS; MARINE CORPS PERSONNEL; ATTITUDES; SURVEYS; CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; HAWAII; MILITARY ASSISTANCE; MILITARY FORCES; ARMY PERSONNEL; NAVAL PERSONNEL; AIR FORCE PERSONNEL; CAREERS; SALARIES; INCOME
Abstract: Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel assigned in Hawaii and living in civilian housing were surveyed for their opinions and attitudes about their housing and military support services. Topics covered included: Housing satisfaction, preference and perceived effects on job performance and career intentions; civilian housing characteristics and expenses, homeowner concerns, and general problems. Results show that 73 percent of the service members were generally satisfied with their present housing. Problems with initial housing costs, living expenses, and spouse employment were most prevalent among young enlisted families. The need for more and better information (in advance and on-site) from the housing offices cut across all pay grades. Short of being housed on post or base, young families need additional and proactive housing services.

Author: Leibowitz, Arleen, and Klerman, Jacob A.
Year: 1995
Title: Explaining Changes in Married Mothers' Employment over Time
Institution: RAND Corporation
Date: AUG95
Report Number: ADA304816 (RAND/RP-465)
Label: Leibowitz & Klerman, 1995
Keywords: EMPLOYMENT; BEHAVIOR; CHILDREN; MARRIAGE; DEMOGRAPHY; BARRIERS; LABOR; SUPPLIES; WOMEN; EMPLOYEE RELATIONS; FEMALES; INFANTS
Abstract: Employment of married mothers with preschool children rose dramatically between 1971 and 1990. Using CPS data, we find that about one-fifth of the increase in labor supply can be attributed to changes in mothers' demographic characteristics (age, education, and number of children). Changes in the earnings opportunities of new mothers and their husbands explain another one-fifth of the growth in employment. Over the two decades, infants up to three months old became less of a barrier to employment, while women's labor supply became more sensitive to their own earnings opportunities and less sensitive to those of their husbands.

Notes: Contact RAND Corporation directly to obtain copy.

Author: Lewis, Philip M.
Year: 1985
Title: Family Factors and the Career Intent of Air Force Enlisted Personnel
Institution: Universal Energy Systems, Inc.
Date: DEC 85
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA164899
Label: Lewis, 1985
Keywords: AIR FORCE PERSONNEL; JOB SATISFACTION; CAREERS; ATTITUDES; FAMILY MEMBERS; EMPLOYMENT; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; FAMILIES; IMPACT, INCOME; JOBS; MILITARY EXERCISES; POLICIES; POSITION; REDUCTION; SOURCES; STRESSES
Abstract: The impact of spouse attitudes and attributes on the career intent and job related attitudes of Air Force enlisted personnel was assessed using the Air Force's new Family Survey (AFSS) to measure spouse attitudes and the Organizational Assessment Package to assess the Air Force member's career intent and job attitudes. The factor structure of the AFFS confirmed its potential utility for assessing critical family variables. Spouses generally viewed Air Force life as more stressful than civilian life, yet most continued to be supportive of and committed to the Air Force. Prominent sources of stress for these families were disruptions caused by work schedules, TDYs, and military exercises and recalls. Reduced employment opportunities and a reduction in family income attendant upon transfer to a new duty location were also viewed as having a negative impact on the family. It proved possible to predict the career intent and job satisfaction of Air Force members from spouse attitudes and other family variables, most importantly from the compatibility of the marital pair's work schedules, the positiveness of the spouse's view of the Air Force and, for career intent only, the perceived stressfulness of the Air Force member's job and of Air Force life for the family. Implications for Air Force policy are briefly discussed.

Author: Lewis, Charlene S.
Year: 1986
Title: The Special Needs of Junior Enlisted Families
Institution: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Date: MAR 86
Type of Work: Report
Report Number: ADA168720 (WRAIR-NP-86-8)
Label: Lewis, 1986
Keywords: MILITARY; ARMY FAMILIES; SOLDIERS; CHILDCARE STRESS; EMPLOYMENT; SUPPORT REENLISTMENT
Abstract: This report summarizes findings of an extensive series of interviews with male US Army soldiers, E1-E4, and their civilian wives conducted in 1983 and 1984. Topics covered include economic issues, the military lifestyle, bi-cultural and trans-cultural families, the basic training period, first CONUS assignment, employment and child care needs, OCONUS assignments, unaccompanied assignments, and the decision to reenlist. Recommendations for small unit leaders are included.

Author: Lyons, Linda K.
Year: 1988
Title: The Impact of Permanent Change of Station Moves on the Family Incomes of Rated and Nonrated Air Force Officers
Academic Dept.: School of Systems and Logistics
University: Air Force Institute of Technology
City: Wright-Patterson AFB, OH
Pages: 95
Thesis Type: Master's Thesis
Report Number: ADA201519 (AFIT/GCA/LSY/88S-5)
Label: Lyons, 1988
Keywords: EMPLOYMENT; FAMILIES; INCOME; WOMEN
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various numbers of Permanent Change of Station (PCS) moves on Air Force officer family income. The analysis also included a comparison between rated and nonrated officers. Only male military members with civilian spouses were considered, and the study was limited to military members with no more than 20 years of military service. In addition, only moves in which the spouse accompanied her husband were included. For this study, the number of PCS moves was varied between 5 moves and 9 moves in a 20 year career. Three components of PCS moving costs were examined in detail: unreimbursed moving costs, spouse income lost as a result of relocation, and part-time income for the military member that is lost during a move. All three of these components impact the total family income of an Air Force officer and his family.

Author: McCalla, Mary E., Rakoff, Stuart H., Doering, Zahava D., Mahoney, Bette S., Doherty, Julia H.
Year: 1987
Title: Description of Officers and Enlisted Personnel in the United States Selected Reserve: 1986
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: MAY87
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA198426
Label: McCalla, Rakoff, Doering, Mahoney and Doherty, 1987
Keywords: MANPOWER; MILITARY PERSONNEL; OFFICER; ENLISTED; SPOUSE; GUARD; RESERVE; COUPLE; MILITARY STATUS; EMPLOYMENT; PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS; CIVILIAN WIVES
Abstract: Over 12,000 officers and about 52,000 enlisted personnel in all seven reserve components, representing the approximately 1,012,000 trained personnel in the Selected Reserve, responded to extensive questionnaires sent to them in the spring of 1986. The questionnaire asked about military background, personal and family characteristics, civilian employment and economic status, perceptions of family and employer attitudes toward reserve participation, reasons for participation and plans for remaining in the reserve components. These are the first comprehensive surveys of members of the Selected Reserve and the first major survey of the spouses of reserve members. The goals of the surveys were to provide (1) detailed information on factors which influence the recruitment and retention of reservists possessing the qualities, experience and skills needed in today's critically important National Guard and Reserve units, and (2) specific data to assist the Sixth Quadrennial Review of Military Compensation directed by the President to examine the costs and benefits of the compensation of reserve members. The surveys contain for the first time detailed information on family income, employer attitudes and military leave policies, and family support for reserve training needed for the analysis of pay elasticities and of employer and family support program needs.

Author: McGee, Peggy J.
Year: 1990
Title: Civilian Spouses of Female Soldiers: A forgotten breed?
Institution: U.S. Army War College
Date: APR90
Type of Work: Study Project
Report Number: ADA223530
Label: McGee, 1990
Keywords: ARMY PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; MALES
Abstract: As of the 1990s, female soldiers comprise approximately 11% of the active component force. Of these, 47% are married. Approximately 21,860, or 54% of married female soldiers, have non-military husbands. Because the number of civilian male spouses is small in comparison with female civilian spouses, the military services do not appear to be expending any energies toward this minority group. Since male spouses are virtually unrecognized, this paper is directed towards identifying the size and proportion of the civilian male spouse population in the Army; determining if they have more difficulty coping with the transitory aspects of military life as it affects their employment opportunities; identifying any programs geared toward this group of men; and trying to establish a correlation between the life satisfaction levels of men in the civilian sector of the United States and the civilian spouses of female soldiers. My research reveals there is no definitive correlation between a civilian husband's employment status and dysfunctional behaviors.

Author: Miller, J.A., and Martin, D.F.
Year: 1985
Title: The Initial Development of a Spouse Attitude Survey
Institution: Leadership and Management Development Center
Date: AUG85
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA159809
Label: Miller & Martin, 1985
Keywords: ATTITUDES; FAMILY MEMBERS; SURVEYS; AIR FORCE PERSONNEL; ENVIRONMENTS; FIELD TESTS; JOB SATISFACTION; INSTRUMENTATION; DATABASES; SELECTION; PRODUCTIVITY; MILITARY FACILITIES
Abstract: This study establishes a current data base on Air Force member spouses' attitudes concerning job satisfaction and the environmental factors of the base. This information may give insight in retention, job satisfaction, and productivity of the Air Force member. A sample of 266 active duty Air Force spouses completed the initial survey instrument. This data gave initial information for item selection for the future field test survey. The Maxwell AFB Officers Wives Club, Noncommissioned Officers Wives Club and Air Command Staff College student spouses were asked to complete a survey instrument. This data, coupled with interviews and written comments from the spouses produced data that made item selection possible. Recommendations for inclusion, exclusion, and revision were possible based on the existing data. Recommendations are provided to help further field testing of the spouse attitude survey.

Author: Molof, M.J., Lawson, J.K., and Davenport, L.C.
Year: 1985
Title: Department of Defense Survey of Living Conditions Overseas, 1984. Volume 1. Management Report
Institution: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center
Date: 1985
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA159648 (NPRDC-TR-85-27)
Label: Molof, Lawson & Davenport, 1985
Keywords: LIVING STANDARDS; OVERSEAS; ATTITUDES; BENEFITS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; COSTS; FAMILY MEMBERS; GERMANY; GREAT BRITAIN; HOUSING; ITALY; JAPAN; JOBS; KOREA; LOGISTICS SUPPORT; MEDICAL SERVICES; OKINAWA; PERFORMANCE; SURVEYS; DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE; MILITARY FACILITIES
Abstract: In 1984, a random sample of approximately 267,000 military personnel who had dependents and were living in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan/Okinawa, or Korea were asked about their experiences and attitudes toward living overseas. The study concentrated on the adequacy of family housing, temporary lodging, and support facilities and services for accompanied personnel. The study also looked at problems, improvements needed, some proposed policy changes, and the perceived effects of living conditions on job performance and career intentions. Responses were received from over 17,000 service members. About 60 percent of these military personnel were satisfied with the overall adequacy of their residence, but the survey revealed serious shortcomings in the support systems for military families. The most frequently reported problems were the scarcity and condition of family housing and the high initial cost of deposits and equipping housing on the economy. Other serious problems included limited opportunities for spouse employment, inadequacies in medical facilities, and the scarcity and poor condition of temporary lodging facilities. Family housing was most often chosen as the area needing improvement. Inadequate services by the housing offices and inconsistency in the sponsor program were also reported.

Author: Morrison, Peter A., Vernez, Georges, Grissmer, David W., and McCarthy, Keven F.
Year: 1989
Title: Families in the Army: Looking Ahead
Institution: RAND Corporation
Date: JUN89
Type of Work: Interim Report
Report Number: ADA221830 (RAND/R-3691-A)
Label: Morrison, Vernez, Grissmer & McCarthy, 1989
Keywords: ARMY PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; ARMY; DAY; EMPLOYMENT; FAMILIES; PATTERNS; POLICIES; VOLUNTEERS; WOMEN
Abstract: This study considers how aggregate demand for Army family services will change in the future and identifies long-range issues posed by the changes in Army families. The Army will be drawn further into the realm of family concerns that Army personnel themselves face because (1) the "early" pattern of Army family formation and growth with continue to compress family-related needs into the early years of Army service; (2) the changing division of labor within families will generate competing obligations to the Army and to one's family members; and (3) the growing orientation toward paid employment among younger generations of Army spouses foreshadows a growing demand for day care, Army assistance in lining up jobs, and diminished flexibility in traditional volunteer activities. The number of Army family dependents will likely decline, not increase, between 1985 and 2000, although Army actions and policies could potentially modify that future. Four long-range issues deserve closer study and continued monitoring: (1) employment opportunities for Army spouses; (2) the growing proportion of women among single parents; (3) readiness; and (4) potential "hidden" effects of Army practices and policies.

Author: MSPB
Year: 1993
Title: Entering Professional Positions in the Federal Government
Institution: Merit Systems Protection Board, Office of Policy and Evaluation
Date: MAR93
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA278274
Label: MSPB, 1993
Keywords: JOBS; GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES; DEMOGRAPHY; EMPLOYMENT; MINORITIES; QUALITY; RECRUITING; FEDERAL GOVERNMENT; AGING WORKFORCE; MINORITY WORKFORCE; DEMOGRAPHICS
Abstract: This report identifies the six methods through which most individuals currently obtain Federal employment in professional and administrative jobs, which represent nearly half of the Federal civil service workforce. More importantly, it discusses how each method affects the quality and representativeness of the Federal workforce. Furthermore, this report highlights the significant but little-noted evolution that has already occurred in Federal hiring practices in just the last 10 years. It also supports the view that the time is ripe for some fundamental changes in the Federal Government's approach to recruiting and selecting employees.

Author: Nord, Christine W., Perry, Shelley, and Maxfield, Betty D.
Year: 1997
Title: Evaluation of MWR Services and Family Programs: Results from the 1992 DoD Surveys of Officers and Enlisted Personnel and Military Spouses
Institution: Westat, Inc.
Date: APR 97
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA324452
Label: Nord, Perry & Maxfield, 1997
Keywords: MILITARY PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; MORALE; TEST AND EVALUATION; DOD; EMPLOYMENT; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; CAREERS; SURVEYS; RESPONSE; SALARIES; OFFICER PERSONNEL; CHILDREN
Abstract: This report is based on secondary analysis of the 1992 Surveys of Officers and Enlisted Personnel and their spouses. The report provides a broad overview of the program evaluation data. It describes in detail which programs are used most frequently, which are used less, the level of importance respondents give the various MWR services, and the level of satisfaction with family programs. The analyses also examined whether program use and ratings of importance and satisfaction vary by such characteristics as Service, pay grade, custody of minor children, and spouse employment status. The report assesses whether the services and programs are meeting their stated objectives of improving military members and families' well-being. MWR services are said to fulfill their stated objectives if a large proportion of members or spouses use the services and rate them as important and are satisfied with them. Results indicated that for both members and spouses, use of an satisfaction with the MWR programs and services are significant predictors of satisfaction with different aspects of military life.

Author: OASD(FMP)
Year: 1988
Title: Employment and Volunteer Work of Spouses of Military Personnel
Institution: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Force Management and Personnel)
Date: FEB88
Type of Work: DoD Directive
Report Number: ADA270160 (DODD-1400.33)
Label: DoDD-1400.33
Keywords: MILITARY PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; EMPLOYMENT; VOLUNTEERS; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
Abstract: Directs that the educational, employment and/or volunteer activities of spouses of military personnel shall not affect the performance reviews of the military member. Essentially gives military spouses the freedom to pursue their educational, employment, or own volunteer interests (except when a bona fide conflict of interest occurs) without fear of negatively impacting their military sponsor's career. Also indicates that spouses cannot be required or coerced into providing services to the military, with a promise or threat related to the military member's performance review.

Notes: Available online.

Author: OASD(FMP)
Year: 1989
Title: Employment of Spouses of Active Duty Military Members Stationed Worldwide
Institution: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Force Management and Personnel)
Date: JAN89
Type of Work: DoD Instruction
Report Number: ADA270251 (DODI-1404.12)
Label: DODI 1404.12
Abstract: This instruction implements Public Law 99-145, "DoD Authorization Act," Section 806, "Employment Opportunities for Military Spouses," as amended (10 USC 133 Note) and Executive Order 12568, "Employment Opportunities for Military Spouses at Nonappropriated Fund Activities," to establish policy, assign responsibilities, and prescribe procedures for improved employment opportunities for spouses of active duty military personnel stationed worldwide.

Author: OASD(FMP)
Year: 1989
Title: Employment of Family Members of Active Duty Military Members and Civilian Employees Stationed in Foreign Areas
Institution: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Force Management and Personnel)
Date: MAY89
Type of Work: DoD Instruction
Report Number: ADA270054 (DoDI-1400.23)
Label: DoDI-1400.23
Keywords: GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES; EMPLOYMENT; OVERSEAS; CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS
Abstract: This instruction establishes DoD policy, responsibilities, and procedures to improve employment opportunities for family members of U.S. Armed Forces personnel and civilian employees of U.S. Government agencies stationed in foreign areas.

Author: OASD(RA)
Year: 1996
Title: Civilian Employment and Reemployment Rights of Applicants for and Service Members and Former Service Members of the Uniformed Services
Institution: Office of the Secretary of Defense (Reserve Affairs)
Date: 1996
Type of Work: DoD Instruction
Report Number: DoDI-1205.12
Label: DoDI-1205.12
Keywords: REEMPLOYMENT RIGHTS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; EMPLOYMENT; PERSONNEL RETENTION; JOB TRAINING; CAREERS; CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; BENEFITS
Abstract: This Instruction re-issues DoD Instruction 1205.12, dated January 15, 1969, to update implementation policy, assign responsibilities, and prescribe procedures for informing servicemembers who are covered by the provisions of Chapter 43 of Title 28, United States Code, and individuals who apply for uniformed service, or their civilian employment and reemployment rights, benefits, and obligations. It implements Chapter 43, Title 38, United States Code, which updated, codified, and strengthened the civilian employment and reemployment rights and benefits of Service members and individuals who apply for uniformed service, and specifies the obligations of Service members and applicants for uniformed service.

Author: Orthner, Dennis K
Year: 1990
Title: Family Impacts on the Retention of Military Personnel
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: APR 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA225084
Label: Orthner, 1990
Keywords: PERSONNEL RETENTION; CAREER; DECISION MAKING; EMPLOYMENT; LIFE CYCLE; FAMILY ECONOMICS
Abstract: This research supports the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1989) by providing new information on the retention decision to military leaders and policymakers and generating hypotheses to be evaluated in the Army Family Research Program (AFRP). Family factors contributing to retention decisions include spouse support for the military member, spouse employment, family life cycle, family economics, and the family career decision process. Policymakers and Army commanders can use the findings in this report to guide their decisions concerning the family programs most likely to enhance retention. This report will also be of value in deriving hypotheses for the Army Family Research Program.

Author: Parshall, Ione I., and Hempel, Kevin R.
Year: 1989
Title: Time Factors Affecting the Retention Decision of Navy Enlisted Members
University: Naval Postgraduate School
City: Monterey, CA
Pages: 16
Thesis Type: Master's Thesis
Label: Parshall & Hempel, 1989
Keywords: RETENTION; REENLISTMENT; TIME FACTORS; NAVY REENLISTMENT; EASO PERIODS; SPOUSE; ENLISTMENT TERMS
Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to determine how time affects the factors that influence the retention decision of Navy enlisted members. The empirical analysis utilizes two different samples, the first composed of enlisted members and the second of members and their spouses. What differentiates this study from other retention studies is the stratification of the samples before conducting the analysis. Multivariate analyses were used to determine the change in the portability of reenlistment and the significance of identified variables. Results show that members' intentions are a good predictor of reenlistment behavior, and that the impact of each factor affecting the reenlistment decision changes, depending on the member's gender, time to EAOS and enlistment term. Spouse and family factors were also found to affect the member's reenlistment decision. This information assists in developing an understanding of the factors that are important to service members, which should facilitate policies to increase retention of Navy enlisted members.

Author: Perrine, Harriet S.
Year: 1990
Title: Results of the Analysis of the Army Community Service Family Member Employment Assistance Program: CONUS Sites
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: MAY 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA222439
Label: Perrine, 1990
Keywords: SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT; ACS; FAMILY MEMBER ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
Abstract: This report presents a briefing on the status of the Army Community Service (ACS) Family Member Employment Assistance Program (FMEAP) in CONUS. An overview of the presence of MFEAPs by MACOM is exhibited, along with a more detailed focus on the FMEAP program components. FMEAP marketing efforts are described and categorized by on-post media and off-post community outreach campaigns. Collaborations between the Civilian Personnel Office (CPO) and FMEAP are detailed. Suggestions for HQDA marketing assistance are listed and ranked.

Author: Resnick, Gary, Schumm, Walter R., and Maxfield, Betty D.
Year: 1997
Title: Military Couples and their Attitudes Toward Military Life: Results from the 1992 DoD Surveys of Officers and Enlisted Personnel and Military Spouses
Institution: Westat, Inc.
Date: APR97
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA324451
Label: Resnick, Schumm & Maxfield, 1997
Keywords: MILITARY PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; MORALE; LIVING STANDARDS; COUPLING; IMPACT; ATTITUDES; STRESS; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; CAREERS; SURVEYS; RESPONSE; MALES; OFFICER PERSONNEL; PERCEPTIONS; FEMALES
Abstract: This report is based on secondary analysis of the 1992 Survey of Officers and Enlisted and their Spouses. The survey assessed attitudes toward military and family life, the impact of policy on the family, and factors affecting members' career intentions and perceptions of the military. Differences in responses from members and their spouses were calculated to generate discrepancy scores on common survey items which allowed for new information beyond individual spouse and member responses. Findings showed that: (a) spouses and members differed on selected factual type information (e.g., cost of child care); (b) spouses reported higher overall stress and different sources of stress than did the members (e.g., spouses reported stress from PCS moves, whereas members reported more stress from their jobs); (c) traditional couples (male member, civilian female spouse) reported more stress experienced by the spouse than the member, whereas in non-traditional couples (female member, civilian male spouse), the member reported more stress than did the spouse; and, (d) few differences were noted in the reported usage of MWR services by spouses/members.

Author: RTI
Year: 1990
Title: Spouse Employment: First Annual In-Process Review
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: APR 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA223730
Label: Research Triangle Institute, 1990
Keywords: SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT, ARMY FAMILY RESEARCH PROGRAM, FAMILY FACTORS
Abstract: This report presents a series of briefing slides on research issues, activities, and plans concerning the spouse employment research area of the Army Family Research Program (AFRP). Topics covered include policy and research questions, the spouse employment conceptual model, activities and findings to date, and planned activities. The report concludes with a summary of outstanding issues.

Author: RTI
Year: 1990
Title: Army Spouse Employment Literature Review
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: SEP 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA226885
Label: Research Triangle Institute, 1990
Keywords: RETENTION READINESS REENLISTMENT LEADERSHIP ENLISTED RETENTION OFFICER RETENTION
Abstract: The Army Family Research Program (AFRP) is a five-year integrated program which supports the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) White Paper 1983: The Army Family and the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1990) through the development of databases, models, program evaluation technologies, and policy options that assist the Army to retain quality soldiers, improve soldier and unit readiness, and increase family adaptation to Army life. This report provides an integrated review of the available literature on spouse employment. Specifically, it covers the effects of aspects of Army life on spouse employment, and the relationships of spouse employment to key family military outcomes. The literature is reviewed from several disciplines including economics, sociology, and psychology.

Author: RTI
Year: 1990
Title: The Army Family Research Program: Program Development Increment Package Defense Information and General Officer Steering Committee Materials
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: AUG 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA226889
Label: ResearchTriangle Institute, 1990
Keywords: FAMILY ADAPTATION; RETENTION; REENLISTMENT; SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT; READINESS; COMMUNITY SUPPORT; JOB SATISFACTION; FAMILY ADJUSTMENT; POLICY.
Abstract: This Army Family Research Program (AFRP) has provided support to the U.S. Army Community and Family Support Center (CFSC) for several research utilization activities, including the defense of the Program Development Increment Packages (PDIPs) in November 1987 and for briefing to the CFSC General Officers Steering Committee (GOSC) in April 1987. This document contains materials prepared for these activities, as well as copies of associated memoranda and other documentation. These are provided as reference materials that may be used for other applications and as documentation of the work undertaken. The attached materials are divided into two parts, with the PDIP defense material presented as part I and the April 1987 GOSC materials as part II.

Author: RTI
Year: 1990
Title: The Army Family Research Program. First Annual Work Plan
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: AUG 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA226140
Label: Research Triangle Institute, 1990
Keywords: FAMILY ADAPTATION; RETENTION; SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT; REENLISTMENT; COMMUNITY SUPPORT; LEADERSHIP; POLICIES; ARMY PERSONNEL
Abstract: The Army Family Research Program (AFRP) is a five-year integrated research program that supports the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) White Paper 1983: The Army Family and the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1990) by developing databases, models, program evaluation technologies, and policy options that assist the Army to retain quality soldiers, improve soldier and unit readiness, and increase family adaptation to Army life. This report describes the planned activities of the contract portion of this research for the first year of the effort in five general areas: (1) identification of families that are adapted to Army life and the mechanisms to support them; (2) retention; (3) family factors and readiness; (4) spouse employment; and (5) project integration.

Author: Scarville, Jacquelyn
Year: 1990
Title: Spouse Employment in the Army: Research Findings
Institution: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Date: MAR 90
Type of Work: Research Report
Report Number: ADA222135 (ARI-RR-1555)
Label: Scarville, 1990
Keywords: SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT ARMY WIVES WORKING WIVES LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION MILITARY WIVES
Abstract: This report reviews what is known about Army spouse employment as a result of the Army Family Research Program (AFRP). The analyses reported apply primarily to civilian wives because the constitute the majority of Army spouses. The findings indicate that, although Army wives are entering the labor force in increasing numbers, their labor force participation lags slightly behind that of civilian wives. In addition, unemployment is considerably higher among Army wives (especially among wives of junior enlisted personnel) than among civilian wives, and there is ample evidence of underemployment. Aspects of the Army lifestyle such as employment interruptions because of frequent relocation seem to have pervasive effects on wives' labor force participation and employment. Other structural/institutional barriers such as inadequate transportation and child care also pose obstacles for military spouses. In addition, AFRP analyses show that Army wives' employment circumstances have important implications for military retention and are likely to influence readiness.

Author: Schwartz, Brad J., Wood, Lisa, Griffith, Janet
Year: 1990
Title: The Impact of Military Life on Spouse Labor Force Outcomes
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: APR 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA224934
Label: Schwartz, Wood & Griffith, 1990
Keywords: EMPLOYMENT SURVEYS FEMALES ARMY PERSONNEL RETENTION
Abstract: This report examines military and nonmilitary factors that determine labor force participation, employment, and level of employment of Army wives. The research is based on 1985 DoD Member and Spouse survey data The framework for the study is household utility model, which assumes that a woman's decision to participate in the labor force is a function of her market wage, her reservation wage, and her personal tastes and preferences. Profit analyses were performed on three separate equations that estimated probabilities of Army spouse employment (versus nonemployment), full-time work (versus part-time work), and employment in a job that uses her skills (versus underemployment). Further simulations estimated probable changes in employment patterns within a CONUS (versus OCONUS) location, the presence of an installation-level spouse employment program, and increased levels of spouse education and/or soldier tour length.

Author: Schwartz, Brad J., Bell, D.B., Gade, Paul A., and Simultis, Zita M.
Year: 1990
Title: Labor Force Participation, Employment, and Earnings of Married Women: A Comparison of Military and Civilian Wives
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: JUL 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA226270
Label: Schwartz, Bell, Gade & Simultis, 1990
Keywords: SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT; PERSONNEL RETENTION; LABOR; SALARIES; ARMY FAMILIES; MILITARY/CIVILIAN WIVES.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to examine labor force participation, employment, and earnings of military and civilian wives to determine if there are significant differences in work outcomes for these women, and to examine the underlying factors that may be responsible for these differences. The March 1985 Current Population Survey data were used in the analyses. Military wives were found to be less likely to participate in the labor force than comparable civilian wives. The findings suggest that military wives do not earn significantly different wage rates or annual incomes compared to civilian wives after controlling for other individual and household differences. However, frequent relocation and being away from large population centers do appear to negatively affect the earnings of military wives when compared to civilians.

Author: Schwartz, Brad J., Griffith, Janet, Wood, Lisa
Year: 1990
Title: The Employment Status of Army Spouses
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: JUL 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA226880
Label: Schwartz, Griffith & Wood, 1990
Keywords: ARMY PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; WOMEN; PERSONNEL SELECTION; EMPLOYMENT; CAREERS; DATABASES; ECONOMIC MODELS; JOBS; LABOR MARKETS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; OPERATIONAL READINESS; PLANNING; QUALITY; SKILLS; SUPPLIES; TEST AND EVALUATION
Abstract: The Army Family Research Program (AFRP) is a five-year integrated program which supports the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) White Paper 1983: The Army Family and the Army Family Action Plans (1984-1990) through the development of databases, models, program evaluation technologies, and policy options that assist the Army to retain quality soldiers, improve soldier and unit readiness, and increase family adaptation to Army life. This report investigates the employment status of Army spouses, especially wives, who are in the civilian labor force or seeking to enter the labor force. It (1) describes labor force participation and employment; (2) describes labor force participation, employment, and underemployment (i.e., not using training, experience, and skills on the job) of Army spouses; and (3) describes factors that lead to Army spouse satisfaction with military life. Unique factors related to military souse outcomes were identified through a review and analysis of the literature on the economic model of labor supply for married women and previous empirical research based on civilian women.

Author: Segal, Mady W.
Year: 1990
Title: The Army Family Research Program: First Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Committee
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: APR 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA222441
Label: Segal, 1990
Keywords: ARMY FAMILY RESEARCH; RESEARCH METHODS; READINESS; READINESS; FAMILY ADAPTATION; SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT
Abstract: The report of the first meeting of the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) includes a summary of the committee's comments on the five-year research plan and individual reports from three members of the committee: Philip Bobko, Walter Schumm, and Richard Berk. The SAC summary incorporates comments on the committee's mandate, the project's choice of research priorities, and the scientific community's suggestions on research perspectives for readiness, retention, family adaptation, and spouse employment, the key focus of the Army Family Research Program. In addition, the report outlines some methodological issues for the project to consider in completing the planned research. Foremost among these issues are longitudinal versus cross-sectional data collection strategies, qualitative versus quantitative methods, and linear versus expected curvilinear and interactive effects.

Author: Segal, Mady W.
Year: 1990
Title: The Army Family Research Program: Second Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Committee
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: MAY 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA222442
Label: Segal, 1990
Keywords: ARMY FAMILY RESEARCH; RESEARCH METHODS; READINESS; READINESS; FAMILY ADAPTATION; SPOUSE EMPLOYMENT
Abstract: The report of the second meeting of the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) includes a summary of the committee's comments on the Army Family Research Program's (AFRP) revised Research Plan and individual reports from two members of the committee, Janice Madden and George Levinger. The SAC summary incorporates an overall critique of the Research Plan and specific comments on several major areas. The specific areas of concern to the SAC were the following: (1) setting priorities among research components; (2) testing the research model; (3) developing theory, testable interventions, and practical policy recommendations for readiness, retention, family adaptation, and spouse employment; and (4) balancing the demands for the quantitative and qualitative portions of the research.

Author: Singley, John H.
Year: 1986
Title: Estimated Effects of Retirement Revision on Retention of Navy Tactical Pilots
University: Naval Postgraduate School
City: Monterey, CA
Pages: 95
Thesis Type: Master's thesis
Label: Singley, 1986
Keywords: OFFICER RETENTION; PILOTS; RETIREMENT; NAVAL PERSONNEL; CAREERS; MILITARY PERSONNEL
Abstract: Recent changes in military retirement will reduce benefits to members entering service after July 31, 1986. These changes may have effects on Naval tactical pilot retention. This thesis seeks to measure retention effects resulting from retirement revision. A binary-response logistic-regression model was applied to cross-sectional data obtained from randomly selected Navy tactical aviators to evaluate possible determinants of their retention choice behavior. This data analysis suggests that the Military Retirement Act of 1986 will contribute to a decrease in retention rates. Job security, tastes for military life, airline hiring rates, spouse employment, and pay were also found to be significantly correlated with retention.

Author: Spier, Morris S.
Year: 1987
Title: The Employment Interview: Guideposts for Research and Development
Institution: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center
Date: JUL87
Type of Work: Interim Report
Report Number: ADA183979 (NPRDC-TN-87-36)
Label: Spier, 1987
Keywords: INTERVIEWING; PERSONNEL SELECTION; CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; COMPUTER APPLICATIONS; EMPLOYMENT; PSYCHOLOGY; RECRUITING; SEARCHING; JOB PLACEMENT
Abstract: The personnel interview is integral to almost all military and civilian recruiting and personnel placement by government agencies. Many criticisms directed at the nature and usefulness of the interview notwithstanding, continuous efforts are made to refine and enhance interview procedures and technique. However, there has been no compilation of what is actually known about this methodology to guide research. The specific objectives of this effort were to review the psychological literature on the employment interview and (1) summarize what is known about the interview process and (2) suggest ways to improve that process through the generation of research-supported conclusions (or guideposts). A computerized and manual search of the psychological literature relating to interviewing in general and employment interviews in particular was conducted. Based on the review, a number of factors to be used in planning and conducting future research were generated.

Author: Tankersley, Milton, Coolbaugh, Kathleen, and Barokas, Judy
Year: 1990
Title: Army Family Policies and Practices: A Summary of Regulations, Letters, Pamphlets, and Circulars that Impact on Military Families
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: MAY 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA223265
Label: Tankersley, Coolbaugh & Barokas, 1990
Keywords: ARMY FAMILY POLICY; FAMILY REGULATIONS; PERSONNEL POLICY
Abstract: This report on Army family policies and practices lists and abstracts those Army policies that affect Army families. In addition, the report summarizes selected Army Regulations (ARs), DA Pamphlets (DA PAMs), and Training Circulars (TCs) and categorizes them according to their impact on Army families. The five family impact categories used in this report are relocation, separation, community service networks, spouse employment, and family support.

Author: Wilcove, Gerry L., and Kerce, Elyse, W.
Year: 1991
Title: Survey Results from the Department of the Navy Family Support Conference
Institution: Naval Personnel Research and Development Center
Date: 1991
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA240146 (NPRDC-AP-91-17)
Label: Wilcove & Kerce, 1991
Keywords: DEPLOYMENT; EMPLOYMENT; FAMILY MEMBERS; NAVAL PERSONNEL; NAVAL RESEARCH; NAVY; SURVEYS; SYMPOSIA
Abstract: The Naval Personnel Research and Development Center was requested to survey attendees at the 1988 Department of the Navy Family Support Conference and to analyze survey results. One purpose of this survey was to solicit opinions on the issues that will confront Navy and Marine Corps families in the year 2000. A second purpose was to solicit evaluations of family support services so that effective services could be differentiated from effective ones. According to survey respondents, the top five areas of concern in the year 2000 will focus on quality of life, family support, care of aging parents, needs of the child, and spouse employment. Respondents favorably evaluated family support programs, particularly Family Service Center (FSC) counseling, FSC information and referral services, the Ombudsman network, family member employment assistance, and deployment support programs.

Author: Wood, Lisa
Year: 1990
Title: Family Economics and the Retention Intentions of Army Enlisted Personnel
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Date: JUL 90
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA226448
Label: Wood, 1990
Keywords: ARMY PERSONNEL; CAREERS; ENLISTED PERSONNEL; FAMILY MEMBERS; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; ARMY RESEARCH; FOOD STAMPS; LABOR; MILITARY PERSONNEL; OPERATIONAL READINESS; PLANNING; POLICIES; QUALITY; SURVEYS; TEST AND EVALUATION
Abstract: The Army Family Research Program (AFRP) is a 5-year integrated research program that supports the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) White Paper 1983: The Army Family and The Army Family Action Plans (1984-1990) through the development of databases, models, program evaluation technologies, and policy options that assist the Army to retain quality soldiers, improve soldier and unit readiness, and increase family adaptation to Army life. The purpose of this research was to examine links between economic factors, the nonpecuniary elements of military life, spouse satisfaction with the military, and the member's retention intentions. The data consisted of 4,073 observations from the Army sample who responded to the 1985 DoD Survey of Enlisted Personnel and Military Spouses. The results indicate that family economic factors including spouse employment, member wages, and receipt of food stamps are important in the determination of member retention intentions. Accompaniment status is another determinant. The wives' satisfaction with the military does not significantly influence members' retention when variables that affect spouse satisfaction and member retention intentions are controlled. Labor force outcomes and several Army policy variables are important in determining Army wives' level of satisfaction with military life.

Author: WRAIR
Year: 1995
Title: In-Depth Analysis of Army Families II (1991-1992)
Institution: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
Date: AUG95
Type of Work: Summary Report
Report Number: ADA311348; ADA311349; ADA311350
Label: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1995
Keywords: SURVEY OF ARMY FAMILIES; SAF-II; COMMUNITY AND FAMILY SUPPORT; OPERATION DESERT SHIELD; OPERATION DESERT SHIELD; MILITARY LIFE STRESSORS; FAMILY SUPPORT GROUPS; ARMY FAMILY ACTION PLAN; ARMY PERSONNEL; STRESS; CIVILIAN PERSONNEL; LIVING STANDARDS; MILITARY OPERATIONS; DEPLOYMENT; EMERGENCIES; LEADERSHIP; COMMUNITIES; ATTITUDES; CAREERS; ACTIVE DUTY; ETHNIC GROUPS; RELOCATION; BENEFITS; PERCEPTION; CHILDREN; MARRIAGE; REACTION; MILITARY DOWNSIZING
Abstract: This report summarizes findings from the Survey of Army Families II (SAF-II), a mail-out survey completed by 4,897 civilian spouses (96% female) of active duty soldiers. The SAF-I survey was performed in 1987. The U.S. Army Community and Family Support Center (CFSC) is the proponent and sponsor for spouse studies on the quality of Army family life, military life stressors, and Army family program supports. SAF-II was fielded with a representative sample of spouses, Army-wide, for information on their use of, and satisfaction with, support programs and unit-family leadership. SAF findings are a yardstick for progress in Army Family Action Plan (AFAP) goals that fulfill the Chief of Staff's White Paper on the Army Family (1983). SAF-II tracks changes in Army family composition since SAF-I. It measures spouse perceptions of stress and coping with the Persian Gulf War deployment (Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm) and spouse views of organizational and personnel downsizing impacts on family and soldier. The SAF-II Summary Report gives a snapshot of Army family demographics, compares spouses in CONUS to OCONUS (USAREUR), and reports highlights of a thematic analysis of written comments by respondents. It contains a synopsis of multivariate analyses, which correlates impacts of spouse responses about Army leadership and family programs to spouse satisfaction with the Army way of life and family commitment to an Army career.

Author: Yogev, Sara, and Brett, Jeanne
Year: 1987
Title: The Impact of Family Structure on the Structure of Work
Institution: Northwestern University, Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research
Date: JUN87
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA187965 (5-ONR)
Label: Yogev & Brett, 1987
Keywords: BEHAVIOR; JOBS; FAMILY MEMBERS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; CHILDREN; CULTURE; ECONOMICS; IDENTIFICATION; INTERVIEWING; LABOR; MODELS; ORGANIZATIONS; QUESTIONNAIRES; SURVEYS
Abstract: The research supported by this contract investigated the interfaces between dual-earner couples' work and family behaviors by looking simultaneously at intra-spouse relations (same person work and family issues) and cross-spouse issues (his work and her family issues, for example). Dual-earner couples were treated as a system with inputs from and outputs to both work and family environments. Particular attention was paid to the question of whether dual earner couples with children were restructuring their work behaviors in order to accommodate family matters. The objectives of the research were: The identification of work role behaviors and family role behaviors that conflict; the identification of occupations in which role behaviors are being exhibited; the identification of family types characterized by family developmental stages and by each spouse's marital/family satisfaction and family involvement; the identification of conditions of job involvement, organizational culture, labor economics, and career stage that facilitate work role restructuring; the development of a technique to measure the degree of work role restructuring; the test of a model of relationships between work and family factors and work role restructuring; the research included two different questionnaire surveys of couples and an interview study in six different firms. A list of technical reports and publications is in an appendix to the report.

Author: Yogev, Sara, and Brett, Jeanne M.
Year: 1987
Title: Restructuring Work for Family: How Dual-Earner Couples with Children Manage
Institution: Northwestern University, Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research
Date: JUN87
Type of Work: Final Report
Report Number: ADA187359
Label: Yogev & Brett, 1987
Keywords: DUAL EARNER COUPLES; STRESS; WORK SATISFACTION; MARITAL SATISFACTION; CHILDREN; CIVILIANS
Abstract: This study developed and tested a model of the conditions under which dual earner, professional couples with children living at home restructure work in order to accommodate family needs. Eighty-seven such couples where at least one spouse was a professional in advertising law or accounting, participated in the study. The results supported a symmetric model of family functioning. Furthermore, both men and women's restructuring was systematically related to their own work and family conditions, as well as their spouse's work and family conditions. The results emphasize the importance of studying dual earner couples as a family system.

Author: Yoon, Young-Hee, and Waite, Linda J.
Year: 1994
Title: Converging Employment Patterns of Black, White, and Hispanic Women: Return to work after first birth
Journal: Journal of Marriage and the Family
Volume: 56
Issue: 1
Pages: 209-217
Report Number: ADA319877 (RAND/R-94-05)
Label: Yoon & Waite, 1994
Keywords: EMPLOYMENT; WOMEN; BIRTH; CAUCASIANS; HISPANICS; BLACKS; RACIAL GROUPS; JOBS; EDUCATION; ATTITUDES; COMPARISON; DEMOGRAPHY; MINORITIES; TIME; SURVEYS; HYPOTHESES; PREGNANCY; FAMILIES; INCOME; URBAN AREAS
Abstract: This study examines the determinants of women's return to work following the birth of their first child among white, black, and Mexican-origin women to test the general hypothesis that previous racial differentials-- observed during the late 1960s and early 1970s-- in employment of new mothers have disappeared with changes in overall employment patterns of women. Data from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show the expected pattern. Several important measures of a women's human capital, such as value of time, job experience, and work role attitudes have similar effects in predicting postnatal labor force participation for the three groups. However, other human capital and demographic factors, especially education, family income other than the woman's earnings, and residence in an urban area predict return to work differently for black and white mothers. The results are tied to changes in job characteristics, the economy, and the family.